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coin album quarters Historical source for behaviour adaptation to modern 7-tone music Historical source for behaviour adaptation to modern 7-tone music By Wendell W. Solomons _______...
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Historical source for behaviour adaptation to modern 7-tone music
Historical source for By Wendell W. Solomons
Do you recollect ABBA saying it this way? Thank you for the music, Whom should we thank for our first musical instruments? From which geographic area did waves of sound first ring out? Stones and wood could make a sound but perhaps bells, xylophone slats and frets of metal provided for the distribution, modulation and standardisation of musical scales and music? The metal first put to wide use by men was copper. Mixed with a little tin, it produced the more resilent substance bronze. Regarding sources for copper, Gunakar Muley says: "Presently the site Tal-i-Iblis near the Kerman range in south-east Iran is regarded as the earliest known centre of copper metallurgy. The smelting equipment discovered from this site is datable to circa 4500 BC. From here the knowledge is believed to have spread to the west and the east. Towards the east Mundigak in Afghanistan and some pre-Harappan sites from Baluchistan provide evidence of copper and bronze metallurgy." Among those first copper mines seem to have been mines in the Kheeveri mountains which fall within the borders of modern Afghanistan. Western European names for copper come probably from this region _1/ . As for Eastern Europe, the commonest Slav name for copper is `med.' That name leads us to the Median people (living in Persia,) once again in this region. The name of the fabled Magi appeared here and from them we derive the terms `magic', `magistrate' and `majesty'. The Hungarians believe they arrived from that homeland and they call themselves `Magyar' to this day. An encyclopaedia entry now: "The Bronze Age occurred at different times in different parts of the world. In most areas, the development of bronze technology was preceded by an intermediary period when copper was used. This stage, sometimes called the Copper Age, did not occur in some areas, including ancient China and prehistoric Britain, where the transition was made directly from stone to bronze technology. In certain ancient cultures in Africa and elsewhere, stone was replaced directly by iron technology, and the Bronze Age was bypassed completely." (Grotelier Encyclopedia) Later, in the Biblical era of West Asia, Ur of the Chaldees, the traditional birthplace of Abram and Sara and a river port, imported the metal. The island of Bahrain (Dilmun) served as a transit point for the metal to the Euphrates river from whence the metal was moved westwards by overland caravan. IMPACT OF METAL INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS The Bronze Age permitted the creation of more accurate measuring instruments. So the first sophisticated calendars for agricultural work appeared in areas incorporating the Indus Valley. The first metal tools (including metal plowshare) enhanced man's agricultural productivity. An increased food surplus could physically support the mental work of a larger population share of sages, healers, scribes, artisans, artists and musicians. Much later in Rome, calendar makers still followed the count of fingers of the hands and had ten months ending in December. Then, Julius Caesar was advised to implant two months in the middle of the year and he named the months for himself and his chosen successor, Augustus. Still later, with the arrival of lenses and telescopes, planets Neptune and Pluto were discovered. With these changes, Napoleon Bonaparte is among those who attempted metrification now of the week, to ten days. However, the seven heavenly bodies known before Caesar to Mesopotamian and Vedic astronomy continue to serve as the base for the seven-day week in our times. Even the names of days describe that (in many languages Saturday means Saturm's day.) Sabbath' comes directly from the Semitic word `seba'a', which means seven'. Similar syllables occur in the Indo-European word stream. There is the Greek `septa' for seven. THE SET OF 7 HEAVENLY BODIES If we go by early Greek, Chinese and Japanese civilisations, many early musical scales were pentatonic (5 "main notes;" still a feature of Gamelan music in Bali). In the pentatonic, the octave was divided by the simple means of counting the figures on one hand. Russian composer Borodin noticed it in folk song and used it in "Prince Igor" (it was represented in the modern production `Kismet' by the song `Stranger in Paradise'.) The earlier scale was tri-tonic (3 "main notes") if we judge by fisherman/sailor hauling chants (take the `Volga Boatmen' shanty sung by greats such as Paul Robeson) and the music of Native Americans and existent pre-Bronze Age tribesmen. If the piano did not accomplish the task, two millennia later the world's population is in the process of behavioural conditioning to the `major' key of Western Europe. That comes about through the use in network media of the 7-tone scale of the electronic organ now factory-created by corporations such as YAMAHA in the Far East. Instruments such as the violin and cello can produce half-tones and quarter tones between each of the seven tones, but the piano and Western fretted instruments are set to reproduce only five half tones. That gives a total of twelve that is - no more than the number of houses of the Zodiac used by early astronomers in making calendars. This set scale seems to have percolated via traditional merchant settlements. In Cochin, India, alongside the Mattancherry synagogue (visible on the Net) still exists an ancient spice market that served rich trading houses in Genoa and Venice. After a day of taxing their wits, merchants would rejuvenate with entertainment and thence came aggregated commercial demand of the human faculties for music. A variant based on the same number of tones and called the `minor' key had become basic to the Eastern Slavs (it must be noted that in the late 19th and 20th Century composers such as Borodin, Mousourgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Stravinsky and Tchaikovsky contributed to a wave of the `minor' key in Western Europe.) Both the `minor' and `major' and scales of Western and Eastern Europe respectively seem to be gypsies, which took off from Asia somewhere adjacent to India. So we seem to deal with the possibility that besides orienting with Bronze Age astronomy and mathematics, Europe seated itself on an Asian musical carpet. MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR EXTRAVAGANZA The `Magical Mystery Tour', an album title of the Beatles, could reflect this journey on a magic carpet. The Beatles had began like Elvis Presley with boogie-woogie and be-bop adopted from Fats Waller and other performers in harmonic progressions such as `Hound Dog'. This was served up like hot potatoes in the late 1950s by music distributors. In short, using White American performers, music distributors sold Black American staples. After a repackaging enterprise far across the breadth of the Atlantic in Liverpool, the Beatles turned their electric guitars and seemed to stumble into something else with manager Brian Epstein - into music academy. Britain was historically known to be long on shop-keepers (even military man Napoleon has a quip) and on puns, immortalised by Shakespeare, At the same time the country was known to be short on composers. Howver, the electric guitars of the Beatles roamed into Slav music in academic archives. The English words in their song `Those Were the Days' were set note for note to the Russian traditional ballad `Dorogoj dlinnoju'. Only the tempo was altered from the original 6-beat, the same as in the gypsy airs `Two Guitars' and `Dark Eyes' (the rhythm resembles the later `Blue Danube' waltz, which Strauss made famous in Vienna.) Most Russian ballads are pitched in minor key (in contrast to the episodic minor transition, say in, in time-honoured English favourites such as `Ash Grove' or `Greensleeves'.) From the `Swan Lake' ballet, the haunting harmonic progression of Tchaikovsky's main theme became for Les Beatles the main chorus in their song `All my loving.' Then there was Rimsky-Korsakov's famed `Song of the Guest from India' in the opera `Sadko'. The song is based on a wafting between major and minor scales because the composer's objective was to let India dialogue with Russian audiences (he intended a multicultural event.) In the repertoire of Les Beatles , a waltz rhythm was introduced and the problem of song title resolved by calling the melody `Norwegian Woods'. However, it remains a give away. In the mind of a musicologist still constrained in the 1960s by `Britannia Rule the Waves', Norse would represent multiculturalism too. So whether John Lennon and lads took their `Magical Mystery Tour' together with consultant musicologists from OUTSIDE the erstwhile British Empire is a question for us to resolve. For circumstantial evidence in the matter we observe that extraordinary happenings had aroused the universal (that is also the meaning of `Catholic') in Liverpool-born Irishman John Lennon. Catholic Ireland does not call itself England's oldest colony without cause and we observe Lennon setting aside `Britannia Rule the Waves' with an other-worldly universality which stretched to Transcendental Meditation in India. For attire, Lennon had discarded the tie. He was now discarding his designer polyester/wool Kommisar attire and adopting the customary habit of commonfolk Asia, called in India or Pakistan the Salwar Khamiz (compare `chemise.') He adopted Yoko Ono as mother for his child instead of camp-following blonde or brunette debutante, the choice of a hundred Western venue's wealthy entertainers. Viewing all the events in the prism of statistical probability, cause and effect become more explicable if something had really got under Lennon's skin by his surmising more than the average about the laboratory of behaviour control. This great Les Beatles musical extravaganza was soon to lead a huge number of pop groups to follow the revealed cosmopolitan lode. The trend also led Ravi Shankar's sitar to world fame. As events proceeded apace, music distributors began to fear a Pandora's box effect of sponsoring through music, an unnecessary hyper-world consolidation. So by the 1990s, distributors put on blinkers and switched to bankrolling (i) lyrics that dumb down or debilitate. The same bankrolling was to follow for (ii) rhythm too. Yet, it proved difficult to rub out the full effect of the Beatles. For the part of (iii) harmony their influence became ineffaceable in pop music. Of late TIME magazine (on July 1, 2002) complains that compact disk buyers are switching from the common coin of AOL-TIME-WARNER, EMI and the three other top music distributors to recordings sold thanks to the Internet, by small, outsider companies. The Beatles extravaganza amused when it did not distract the anti-war protest rallies that plagued the Establishment in the 1960s. Such historical dovetailing of music and rallies waits repeating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How could we round off a discussion of the subject of social behaviour adaptation in music and time? We know that the West had absorbed monotheism, Judaism `fulfilled' in Christ's words in the New Testament. Its birthplace was in the city cultures of the East. "History Begins in Sumer" is the name of an illustrious book. Here, a change had taken place from tribal, nomadic life. A changed behaviour and ethic had emerged in cities with organised housing (right down to the size of bricks), organised streets, organised water supply systems, organised weights and measures for ease of sales of goods stocks. This change was firmly established before 2000 BC in cities of the Indus Valley civilisation. This civilisation deserves our attention because archaeologists have learnt that the territory exceeds not only the extent of deservedly famous Sumer but of the river civilisations of Mesopotamia and Egypt taken together. _____________________________________________________________ _1/ Gene Matlock tells us: "About 5,000 BC or earlier, a brilliant deified Phoenician Naga king and philosopher named Kuvera (also Kubera) learned how to smelt copper, gold, and other metals. These activities took place in the kingdom named after him, Khyber ("Kheeveri"), which consisted of a group of craggy mountains in what are now Southeastern Afghanistan and Northeastern Pakistan (i.e. the Khyber Pass). According to Hindu mythology, Kuvera and God Shiva lived in the totally barren, mineral-poor, goldless, frigid, lofty, bell-shaped or pyramidical peak of Kailasa in Western Tibet ...' "We derived our word `copper' from Kuvera's name. Eventually, the Nagas extended their influence over all of India. If you've intuited that Afghan Khyber (Kheever), Hebrew Heber (pronounced Kheever), Egyptian Khepri, Greek Khyphera, Cabeiri, Cypriotic Cip'ri (Kheep'ri) ... ad infinitum, are somehow linked, you've intuited correctly." Excerpted from <http://www.mondovista.com/baboquivari.html> For mathematics and computing, it helps to travel onwards on our journey with Gene Matlock. In Europe, mathematical calculation was once difficult. With the count of fingers on the hands, Latin used symbols such as VIII. Multiplication and further computation were held up until the decimal system was completed with the use of zero. Webster's modern dictionary confirms that the term 'zero' is related to 'cipher' and Arabic 'tsifr'. Webster's year 1828 dictionary helps us with a further bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CIPHER, noun 1. In arithmetic, an Arabian or Oriental character, of this form 0, which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but increases or diminishes the value of other figures, according to its position. In whole numbers, when placed at the right hand of a figure, it increases its value ten fold ... 2. A character in general. 3. An intertexture of letters, as the initials of a name, engraved on a seal, box, plate, coach or tomb; a device; an enigmatical character. Anciently, merchants and tradesmen, not being permitted to bear family arms, bore, in lieu of them, their cyphers, or initials of their names... 4. A secret or disguised manner of writing; certain characters arbitrarily invented and agreed on by two or more persons, to stand for letters or words... CIPHER, verb intransitive. In popular language, to use figures, or to practice arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In general, the Russian-speaker uses 'tsifra' for numbers somewhat in the manner of the contemporary term 'cyber' (e.g. 'cyberspace'). Also, Russian 'kibernetika' is 'cybernetics' (in robotics.) Records in cuneiform set in baked clay tablets tell us that Mesopotamia did not have a symbol for zero. Therefore the completion of our decimal notation seems to have been achieved thanks to the Khyber areas of the Indus Valley civilisation. At the end of the day Harvard's attempt to construct its iron curtain around that civilisation with a funded 25-odd year research project turns out to be a waste of social resources. That had also been in the case of the 1947 to 2001 delay in the release into public domain of the Dead Sea Scrolls, government property kept under lock and key primarily in the Rockefeller Museum and the Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem .
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Music Genres
This is a list of some of the world’s music genre and their definitions
- African Folk - Music held to be typical of a nation or ethnic group, known to all segments of its society, and preserved usually by oral tradition.
- Afro jazz - refers to jazz music which has been heavily influenced by African music. The music took elements of marabi, swing and American jazz and synthesized this into a unique fusion. The first band to really achieve this synthesis was the South African band Jazz Maniacs.
- Afro-beat - is a combination of Yoruba music, jazz, Highlife, and funk rhythms, fused with African percussion and vocal styles, popularized in Africa in the 1970s.
- Afro-Pop – Afropop or Afro Pop is a term sometimes used to refer to contemporary African pop music. The term does not refer to a specific style or sound, but is used as a general term to describe African popular music.
- Apala - Originally derived from the Yoruba people of Nigeria. It is a percussion-based style that developed in the late 1930s, when it was used to wake worshippers after fasting during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.
- Assiko - is a popular dance from the South of Cameroon. The band is usually based on a singer accompanied with a guitar, and a percussionnist playing the pulsating rhythm of Assiko with metal knives and forks on an empty bottle.
- Batuque - is a music and dance genre from Cape Verde.
- Bend Skin - is a kind of urban Cameroonian popular music. Kouchoum Mbada is the most well-known group associated with the genre.
- Benga - Is a musical genre of Kenyan popular music. It evolved between the late 1940s and late 1960s, in Kenya's capital city of Nairobi.
- Biguine - is a style of music that originated in Martinique in the 19th century. By combining the traditional bele music with the polka, the black musicians of Martinique created the biguine, which comprises three distinct styles, the biguine de salon, the biguine de bal and the biguines de rue.
- Bikutsi - is a musical genre from Cameroon. It developed from the traditional styles of the Beti, or Ewondo, people, who live around the city of Yaounde.
- Bongo Flava - it has a mix of rap, hip hop, and R&B for starters but these labels don't do it justice. It's rap, hip hop and R&B Tanzanian style: a big melting pot of tastes, history, culture and identity.
- Cadence - is a particular series of intervals or chords that ends a phrase, section, or piece of music.
- Calypso - is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in Trinidad at about the start of the 20th century. The roots of the genre lay in the arrival of African slaves, who, not being allowed to speak with each other, communicated through song.
- Chaabi - is a popular music of Morocco, very similar to the Algerian Rai.
- Chimurenga - is a Zimbabwean popular music genre coined by and popularised by Thomas Mapfumo. Chimurenga is a Shona language word for struggle.
- Chouval Bwa - features percussion, bamboo flute, accordion, and wax-paper/comb-type kazoo. The music originated among rural Martinicans.
- Christian Rap - is a form of rap which uses Christian themes to express the songwriter's faith.
- Coladeira - is a form of music in Cape Verde. Its element ascends to funacola which is a mixture of funanáa and coladera. Famous coladera musicians includes Antoninho Travadinha.
- Contemporary Christian - is a genre of popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith.
- Country - is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. It has roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, blues, gospel music, hokum, and old-time music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s.
- Dance Hall - is a type of Jamaican popular music which developed in the late 1970s, with exponents such as Yellowman and Shabba Ranks. It is also known as bashment. The style is characterized by a deejay singing and toasting (or rapping) over raw and danceable music riddims.
- Disco - is a genre of dance-oriented pop music that was popularized in dance clubs in the mid-1970s.
- Folk - in the most basic sense of the term, is music by and for the common people.
- Freestyle - is a form of electronic music that is heavily influenced by Latin American culture.
- Fuji - is a popular Nigerian musical genre. It arose from the improvisation Ajisari/were music tradition, which is a kind of Muslim music performed to wake believers before dawn during the Ramadan fasting season.
- Funana - is a mixed Portuguese and African music and dance from Santiago, Cape Verde. It is said that the lower part of the body movement is African, and the upper part Portuguese.
- Funk - is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended soul music, soul jazz and R&B into a rhythmic, danceable new form of music.
- Gangsta rap - is a subgenre of hip-hop music which developed during the late 1980s. 'Gangsta' is a variation on the spelling of 'gangster'. After the popularity of Dr. Dre's The Chronic in 1992, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip-hop.
- Genge - is a genre of hip hop music that had its beginnings in Nairobi, Kenya. The name was coined and popularized by Kenyan rapper Nonini who started off at Calif Records. It is a style that incorporates hip hop, dancehall and traditional African music styles. It is commonly sung in Sheng(slung),Swahili or local dialects.
- Gnawa - is a mixture of African, Berber, and Arabic religious songs and rhythms. It combines music and acrobatic dancing. The music is both a prayer and a celebration of life.
- Gospel - is a musical genre characterized by dominant vocals (often with strong use of harmony) referencing lyrics of a religious nature, particularly Christian.
- Highlife - is a musical genre that originated in Ghana and spread to Sierra Leone and Nigeria in the 1920s and other West African countries.
- Hip-Hop - is a style of popular music, typically consisting of a rhythmic, rhyming vocal style called rapping (also known as emceeing) over backing beats and scratching performed on a turntable by a DJ.
- House - is a style of electronic dance music that was developed by dance club DJs in Chicago in the early to mid-1980s. House music is strongly influenced by elements of the late 1970s soul- and funk-infused dance music style of disco.
- Indie - is a term used to describe genres, scenes, subcultures, styles and other cultural attributes in music, characterized by their independence from major commercial record labels and their autonomous, do-it-yourself approach to recording and publishing.
- Instrumental - An instrumental is, in contrast to a song, a musical composition or recording without lyrics or any other sort of vocal music; all of the music is produced by musical instruments.
- Isicathamiya - is an a cappella singing style that originated from the South African Zulus.
- Jazz - is an original American musical art form which originated around the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States out of a confluence of African and European music traditions.
- Jit - is a style of popular Zimbabwean dance music. It features a swift rhythm played on drums and accompanied by a guitar.
- Juju - is a style of Nigerian popular music, derived from traditional Yoruba percussion. It evolved in the 1920s in urban clubs across the countries. The first jùjú recordings were by Tunde King and Ojoge Daniel from the 1920s.
- Kizomba - is one of the most popular genres of dance and music from Angola. Sung generally in Portuguese, it is a genre of music with a romantic flow mixed with African rhythm.
- Kwaito - is a music genre that emerged in Johannesburg, South Africa in the early 1990s. It is based on house music beats, but typically at a slower tempo and containing melodic and percussive African samples which are looped, deep basslines and often vocals, generally male, shouted or chanted rather than sung or rapped.
- Kwela - is a happy, often pennywhistle based, street music from southern Africa with jazzy underpinnings. It evolved from the marabi sound and brought South African music to international prominence in the 1950s.
- Lingala - Soukous (also known as Soukous or Congo, and previously as African rumba) is a musical genre that originated in the two neighbouring countries of Belgian Congo and French Congo during the 1930s and early 1940s
- Makossa - is a type of music which is most popular in urban areas in Cameroon. It is similar to soukous, except it includes strong bass rhythm and a prominent horn section. It originated from a type of Duala dance called kossa, with significant influences from jazz, ambasse bey, Latin music, highlife and rumba.
- Malouf - a kind of music imported to Tunisia from Andalusia after the Spanish conquest in the 15th century.
- Mapouka - also known under the name of Macouka, is a traditional dance from the south-east of the Ivory Coast in the area of Dabou, sometimes carried out during religious ceremonies.
- Maringa - is a West African musical genre. It evolved among the Kru people of Sierra Leone and Liberia, who used Portuguese guitars brought by sailors, combining local melodies and rhythms with Trinidadian calypso.
- Marrabenta - is a form of Mozambican dance music. It was developed in Maputo, the capital city of Mozambique, formerly Laurenco Marques.
- Mazurka - is a Polish folk dance in triple meter with a lively tempo, containing a heavy accent on the third or second beat. It is always found to have either a triplet, trill, dotted eighth note pair, or ordinary eighth note pair before two quarter notes.
- Mbalax - is the national popular dance music of Senegal. It is a fusion of popular dance musics from the West such as jazz, soul, Latin, and rock blended with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of Senegal.
- Mbaqanga - is a style of South African music with rural Zulu roots that continues to influence musicians worldwide today. The style was originated in the early 1960s.
- Mbube - is a form of South African vocal music, made famous by the South African group Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The word mbube means "lion" in Zulu
- Merengue - is a type of lively, joyful music and dance that comes from the Dominican Republic
- Morna - is a genre of Cape Verdean music, related to Portuguese fado, Brazilian modinha, Argentinian tango, and Angolan lament.
- Museve - is a popular Zimbabwe music genre. Artists include Simon Chimbetu and Alick Macheso
- Oldies - term commonly used to describe a radio format that usually concentrates on Top 40 music from the '50s, '60s and '70s. Oldies are typically from R&B, pop and rock music genres.
- Pop - is an ample and imprecise category of modern music not defined by artistic considerations but by its potential audience or prospective market.
- Quadrille - is a historic dance performed by four couples in a square formation, a precursor to traditional square dancing. It is also a style of music.
- R&B - is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists.
- Rai - is a form of folk music, originated in Oran, Algeria from Bedouin shepherds, mixed with Spanish, French, African and Arabic musical forms, which dates back to the 1930s and has been primarily evolved by women in the culture.
- Ragga - is a sub-genre of dancehall music or reggae, in which the instrumentation primarily consists of electronic music; sampling often serves a prominent role in raggamuffin music as well.
- Rap - is the rhythmic singing delivery of rhymes and wordplay, one of the elements of hip hop music and culture.
- Rara - is a form of festival music used for street processions, typically during Easter Week.
- Reggae - is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. A particular music style that originated following on the development of ska and rocksteady. Reggae is based on a rhythm style characterized by regular chops on the off-beat, known as the skank.
- Reggaeton - is a form of urban music which became popular with Latin American youth during the early 1990s. Originating in Panama, Reggaeton blends Jamaican music influences of reggae and dancehall with those of Latin America, such as bomba, plena, merengue, and bachata as well as that of hip hop and Electronica.
- Rock - is a form of popular music with a prominent vocal melody accompanied by guitar, drums, and bass. Many styles of rock music also use keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, synthesizers.
- Rumba - is a family of music rhythms and dance styles that originated in Africa and were introduced to Cuba and the New World by African slaves.
- Salegy - is a popular type of Afropop styles exported from Madagascar. This Sub-Saharan African folk music dance originated with the Malagasy language of Madagascar, Southern Africa.
- Salsa - is a diverse and predominantly Spanish Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos abroad.
- Samba - is one of the most popular forms of music in Brazil. It is widely viewed as Brazil's national musical style.
- Sega - is an evolved combination of traditional Music of Seychelles,Mauritian and Réunionnais music with European dance music like polka and quadrilles.
- Seggae - is a music genre invented in the mid 1980s by the Mauritian Rasta singer, Joseph Reginald Topize who was sometimes known as Kaya, after a song title by Bob Marley. Seggae is a fusion of sega from the island country, Mauritius, and reggae.
- Semba - is a traditional type of music from the Southern-African country of Angola. Semba is the predecessor to a variety of music styles originated from Africa, of which three of the most famous are Samba (from Brazil), Kizomba (Angolan style of music derived directly from Zouk music) and Kuduro (or Kuduru, energetic, fast-paced Angolan Techno music, so to speak).
- Shona Music - is the music of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. There are several different types of traditional Shona music including mbira, singing, hosho and drumming. Very often, this music will be accompanied by dancing, and participation by the audience.
- Ska - is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was a precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues.
- Slow Jam - is typically a song with an R&B-influenced melody. Slow jams are commonly R&B ballads or just downtempo songs. The term is most commonly reserved for soft-sounding songs with heavily emotional or romantic lyrical content.
- Soca - is a form of dance music that originated in Trinidad from calypso. It combines the melodic lilting sound of calypso with insistent (usually electronic in recent music) percussion.
- Soukous - is a musical genre that originated in the two neighbouring countries of Belgian Congo and French Congo during the 1930s and early 1940s, and which has gained popularity throughout Africa.
- Soul - is a music genre that combines rhythm and blues and gospel music, originating in the United States.
- Taarab - is a music genre popular in Tanzania. It is influenced by music from the cultures with a historical presence in East Africa, including music from East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Taarab rose to prominence in 1928 with the rise of the genre's first star, Siti binti Saad.
- Tango - is a style of music that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay. It is traditionally played by a sextet, known as the orquesta típica, which includes two violins, piano, doublebass, and two bandoneons.
- Waka - is a popular Islamic-oriented Yoruba musical genre. It was pioneered and made popular by Alhaja Batile Alake from Ijebu, who took the genre into the mainstream Nigerian music by playing it at concerts and parties; also, she was the first waka singer to record an album.
- Wassoulou - is a genre of West African popular music, named after the region of Wassoulou. It is performed mostly by women, using lyrics that address women's issues regarding childbearing, fertility and polygamy.
- Ziglibithy - is a style of Ivorian popular music that developed in the 1970s. It was the first major genre of music from the Ivory Coast. The first major pioneer of the style was Ernesto Djedje.
- Zouglou - is a dance oriented style of music from the Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) that first evolved in the 1990s. It started with students (les parents du Campus) from the University of Abidjan.
- Zouk - is a style of rhythmic music originating from the French islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. It has its roots in kompa music from Haiti, cadence music from Dominica, as popularised by Grammacks and Exile One.
About the Author
Titus Kamau is a proud contributing author and writes articles on several subjects including Entertainment. You can get free Entertainment articles at Titus Kamau Articles located at http://www.africanshome.com